Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how your body metabolizes glucose. Your body either resists the effects of insulin or doesn't produce enough to maintain normal glucose levels.

37.3 million Americans (11.3%) have diabetes; 96 million adults have prediabetes(CDC)

Key Insight

Your A1c tells only part of the story. A complete picture includes kidney function, cholesterol, and inflammation markers - all of which predict long-term outcomes.

1Primary Biomarkers

Core diagnostic markers for type 2 diabetes. These are used to diagnose and monitor your condition.

Hemoglobin A1c

Measures average blood sugar over 2-3 months. The gold standard for diabetes diagnosis and monitoring.

Below 5.7% (normal), 5.7-6.4% (prediabetes), 6.5%+ (diabetes). Goal for diabetics: under 7%

Glucose

Measures blood sugar after 8+ hours of fasting. Used for diagnosis and daily monitoring.

Below 100 mg/dL (normal), 100-125 (prediabetes), 126+ (diabetes)

Fasting Insulin

High fasting insulin indicates insulin resistance, often present years before diabetes develops.

2-25 μIU/mL (varies by lab). Higher levels suggest insulin resistance

2Related Biomarkers

Type 2 Diabetes affects multiple body systems. Monitor these to catch complications early.

Cardiovascular Risk

People with diabetes have ~2x higher risk of heart disease and stroke

LDL Cholesterol

Diabetes accelerates atherosclerosis. LDL targets are stricter for diabetics.

Below 100 mg/dL, or below 70 if heart disease present

Triglycerides

High triglycerides are common in poorly controlled diabetes and increase heart risk.

Below 150 mg/dL

ApoB

Better predictor of cardiovascular risk than LDL in diabetics.

HDL Cholesterol

Protective cholesterol often low in diabetics.

Above 40 (men), 50 (women) mg/dL

Kidney Function

About 1 in 3 adults with diabetes has chronic kidney disease. Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure.

eGFR

Estimates how well kidneys filter waste. Should be monitored annually.

Above 90 (normal), 60-89 (mild decrease), below 60 (kidney disease)

Microalbumin (UACR)

Detects early kidney damage before eGFR drops. First sign of diabetic nephropathy.

Below 30 mg/g (normal), 30-300 (moderate), above 300 (severe)

Creatinine

Waste product filtered by kidneys. Rises when kidney function declines.

Inflammation

Chronic inflammation is linked to insulin resistance and diabetic complications

hs-CRP

High-sensitivity marker for inflammation and cardiovascular risk.

Below 1 mg/L (low risk), 1-3 (moderate), above 3 (high risk)

3The Holistic View

Diabetes is not just about blood sugar. It's a metabolic condition that affects your entire body - heart, kidneys, eyes, nerves. Managing diabetes well means monitoring not just A1c, but also cardiovascular markers, kidney function, and inflammation. Early detection of complications through regular lab work can prevent serious outcomes.

4Connected Conditions

Understanding how type 2 diabetes connects to other conditions helps you see the bigger picture.

Track in LabLi

When you select Type 2 Diabetes as your health focus, these categories are prioritized in your dashboard:

GlucoseLipidsKidney

Medical References

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This guide is for educational purposes only. It is not medical advice. Always consult your healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment.